Multi-Operator Radio Access Network

Description

Multi-Operator Radio Access Network (MORAN) is a network sharing architecture defined in 3GPP Release 20 specifications, particularly in TS 38.914. It enables two or more mobile network operators (MNOs) to share the radio access network (RAN) infrastructure—including base stations (gNBs), antennas, and backhaul—while each operator retains its own core network and manages its own radio resources independently. This is distinct from other sharing models like MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network), where the core network is also shared, or GWCN (Gateway Core Network), where only parts of the core are shared.

In a MORAN deployment, the shared RAN broadcasts multiple Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) identities, one for each participating operator. User equipment (UE) selects the appropriate PLMN based on its subscription and operator preferences. The shared RAN elements (e.g., gNB) must support multi-operator capabilities, including per-operator cell configuration, radio resource partitioning, and independent mobility management. Each operator's traffic is logically separated, and the RAN routes signaling and user plane data to the correct core network based on the PLMN ID.

Key technical aspects of MORAN include: support for network slicing to allow operators to customize their shared RAN resources; mechanisms for fair and efficient radio resource allocation among operators; and interfaces for coordination between operators for configuration, fault management, and performance monitoring. The 3GPP specifications define the requirements for gNB functions to handle multiple PLMNs, including broadcast of system information, paging, and random access procedures.

MORAN is particularly beneficial in scenarios where deploying separate RAN infrastructure is economically or logistically challenging, such as rural areas, along highways, or in indoor environments. It allows smaller operators to offer competitive services without heavy capital expenditure, and it promotes infrastructure sharing to reduce environmental impact. However, it requires robust inter-operator agreements and technical solutions to ensure fair sharing and prevent interference.

The concept builds on earlier network sharing frameworks from 3GPP Releases 5 and 6 (e.g., MOCN, MORAN for UTRAN), but Release 20 extends it to 5G NR, incorporating new features like network slicing, beamforming, and advanced QoS. It also aligns with regulatory pushes for infrastructure sharing to lower costs and accelerate 5G rollout.

Purpose & Motivation

MORAN exists to address the economic and logistical challenges of deploying and operating radio access networks, especially in areas with low population density or limited profitability. By allowing multiple operators to share the same RAN infrastructure, it reduces capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) for each operator, accelerates network rollout, and improves coverage. It also helps operators meet regulatory requirements for coverage obligations without duplicating infrastructure.

Before MORAN, operators typically built separate RANs, leading to inefficient use of spectrum and infrastructure, higher costs, and slower deployment. Earlier sharing models like MOCN required sharing of core network elements, which some operators were reluctant to do due to competitive and security concerns. MORAN offers a middle ground: sharing the RAN while keeping core networks separate, thus preserving operator independence and differentiation.

The introduction of MORAN in Release 20 for 5G NR reflects the growing need for flexible sharing models that can accommodate network slicing, diverse QoS requirements, and multi-vendor environments. It enables new business models, such as neutral host providers, and supports government initiatives to bridge the digital divide by making 5G more affordable and accessible.