Description
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a text-based, application-layer control protocol standardized by the IETF (RFC 3261 and others). Its primary function is to establish, manage, and tear down interactive communication sessions between participants. These sessions can include voice, video, instant messaging, online games, and virtual reality—essentially any real-time data exchange. SIP operates on a client-server model but is inherently peer-to-peer in its session management. It is independent of the underlying transport layer, commonly running over UDP, TCP, or TLS.
SIP works through the exchange of request and response messages between User Agents (UAs), which can be clients (UAC) initiating requests or servers (UAS) responding to them. A typical SIP transaction for establishing a voice call involves several key messages: the caller's UA sends an INVITE request to the callee's address (a SIP URI). This request is routed through SIP proxy servers, which help locate the callee and enforce routing policies. The callee's UA responds with provisional responses (e.g., 180 Ringing) and a final success response (200 OK), which includes session description parameters typically formatted using the Session Description Protocol (SDP). The caller confirms with an ACK, and the media session (using RTP/RTCP) is established directly between the endpoints. To terminate the session, a BYE request is sent.
Within the 3GPP architecture, SIP is the cornerstone signaling protocol of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The IMS provides a standardized framework for delivering multimedia services over IP. Key 3GPP network elements that act as SIP servers include the Proxy-Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF), which is the first contact point for the UE; the Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF), which performs session control and interacts with application servers; and the Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF), which interfaces with other networks. SIP in IMS is used for registration, authentication (often using IMS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA)), and session control for services like Voice over LTE (VoLTE), Voice over NR (VoNR), Rich Communication Services (RCS), and Video Telephony. The protocol is extended with 3GPP-specific headers and parameters to support cellular requirements such as emergency calling, access network information, and policy control integration.
Purpose & Motivation
SIP was created to solve the problem of establishing and managing multimedia sessions in the evolving internet landscape. Prior to SIP, proprietary signaling protocols were common, hindering interoperability between different vendors' equipment and service providers. The growth of IP networks created a need for a standardized, flexible, and extensible signaling protocol that could support the burgeoning variety of real-time applications beyond simple voice. SIP was designed to be simple, modular, and text-based (like HTTP), making it easier to implement, debug, and extend compared to binary protocols like H.323.
3GPP adopted SIP as the signaling protocol for IMS to enable the convergence of cellular telephony with Internet multimedia services. This addressed a critical strategic need: to evolve circuit-switched voice services to a more efficient, feature-rich, all-IP architecture. SIP allowed mobile operators to offer standardized, interoperable voice and video services over their LTE and 5G data networks (VoLTE/VoNR), ensuring service continuity and quality. It also provided the foundation for new revenue-generating services like RCS (branded as Chat) and seamless integration with over-the-top (OTT) applications. By leveraging an IETF standard, 3GPP ensured that IMS-based services could interoperate with fixed-line VoIP networks and the broader internet, facilitating fixed-mobile convergence and fostering a rich ecosystem of application developers and service enablers.
Classification
Detected Changes Across Releases
from 3GPP Change RequestsSpecific changes extracted from the „Change history“ tables of 3GPP specifications (204 CRs across 6 releases). Complements the general historical overview above with the evidence-based evolution of this function.
In Release 15, new SIP procedures were introduced for using functional aliases in initial INVITE requests, both for client and server operations. The release also specified the use of TCP for SIP signaling during voice fallback to EPS when the N26 interface is absent and clarified the usage of SIP REFER for group calls. Furthermore, it added mechanisms for the retrieval of migration credentials to access a partner mission-critical system's SIP core and removed unified access control checks when adding or removing media during an MMTEL session.
- Retrieval of migration credentials for access to SIP core / IMS of a partner MC system TS 23.280CR0066
- Use TCP for SIP signaling in case of voice fallback to EPS without N26 interface TS 24.173CR0131
- Using functional alias in initial SIP INVITE request – client procedures TS 24.379CR0394
- Using functional alias in initial SIP INVITE request – server procedures TS 24.379CR0395
- No unified access control check when adding or removing media during MMTEL session TS 24.173CR0130
- Correction to session-type in XML schema for MCVideo Information TS 24.281CR0039
+ 13 more changes
In Release 16, key SIP enhancements introduced procedures for establishing, using, and releasing a "pre-established session" to efficiently initiate SDS and MCData communications. Furthermore, the P-CSCF's capabilities were expanded to support SIP forking, RTCP flows, and Access Type Change notifications, and its discovery was integrated with the NRF, allowing the SMF to perform it.
- eIMS P-CSCF use of NRF TS 23.228CR1199
- Allowing SMF to perform P-CSCF Discovery using NRF TS 23.228CR1202
- New IMS Management Objects for Handling of Session Timer TS 24.167CR0215
- Pre-established session – References, General details and warning updates TS 24.282CR0079
- Common procedures for initiating SDS communication using pre-established session TS 24.282CR0080
- Pre-established session – General and PF use of resource sharing TS 24.282CR0081
+ 52 more changes
In Release 17, SIP enhancements primarily focused on Mission Critical Services, introducing functional alias association protocols for MCPTT, MCVideo, and MCData groups to enable alias-based targeting within pre-established sessions. Additionally, procedures were added for upgrading, cancelling, or establishing on-network private emergency communications for MCData and SDS sessions. The release also updated SIP Digest Access Authentication to support hash values for alternate algorithms and referenced the current HTTP/1.1 protocol.
- Upgrade IMS non-MPS session to an IMS MPS session. TS 23.228CR1238
- Support for Attestation for IMS priority sessions TS 23.228CR1241
- Request for network resources at session establishment from the MC service server TS 23.280CR0278
- Update of HTTP Digest Access Authentication and reference update for HTTP/1.1 protocol TS 24.141CR0119
- Reference update for HTTP/1.1 protocol TS 24.259CR0055
- Functional alias association with MCVideo group - protocol implementation TS 24.281CR0141
+ 38 more changes
In Release 18, SIP enhancements primarily focused on standardizing procedures for Mission Critical Services (MCPTT, MCVideo, MCData), specifically for managing ad-hoc group sessions using pre-established sessions within a single system. This included defining protocols and controlling function (CF) procedures to determine users to invite or release based on specific criteria for these group communications. Additionally, the release introduced support for handling SIP MESSAGE requests for ad-hoc group emergency alert cancellation and added protocol description parameter support in the Npcf_PolicyAuthorization service API.
- Clarification regarding the protocol used on new reference points TS 23.280CR0313
- General Adhoc group call procedures using pre-established session in Single system - Protoc impl for MCVideo TS 24.281CR0229
- General Adhoc group call procedures using pre-established session in Single system - procedures at CF (mcvideo) TS 24.281CR0236
- Determine the users based on the criteria to invite, release from, an ad hoc group session - MCVideo TS 24.281CR0245
- General Adhoc group data communication procedures using pre-established session in Single system - Protoc impl for MCData TS 24.282CR0365
- General Adhoc group comm procedures using pre-established session in Single system - procedures at CF (mcdata) TS 24.282CR0378
+ 42 more changes
In Release 19, SIP enhancements introduced new procedures for Mission Critical Services (MCX), including adding a reason to leave a session in MCVideo, MCData, and MCPTT, and supporting session recording using the Session Recording Protocol. The release also added capabilities for the P-CSCF to retrieve satellite service identifiers during SIP procedures and introduced modifications for standalone IMS Data Channel sessions. Furthermore, it expanded support for ad-hoc group emergency alerts by adding criteria to SIP messages containing participant lists.
- Support of MPS priority for IMS Immediate Messaging and IMS Session-based Messaging TS 23.228CR1419
- Address ENs in IMS AS Session Management Service TS 23.228CR1483
- DCSF instructing the IMS AS to terminate the session at the IMS AS TS 23.228CR1498
- KI#2: Procedure of adding bootstrap DC to existing IMS session TS 23.228CR1589
- Add the regroup group member update during MCX session TS 23.280CR0441
- MC Recording procedures using Session Recording Protocol TS 23.280CR0630
+ 26 more changes
In Release 20, the primary change for the Session Initiation Protocol function was the removal of support for the "simultaneous session" capability. This modification streamlined the protocol by eliminating the procedures and mechanisms required for handling multiple concurrent sessions within a single communication instance. Consequently, session establishment and management logic was simplified, focusing on single-session interactions.
Explore further
Broader topics and technologies where SIP plays a role.
Defining Specifications
3GPP specifications that define or reference SIP, with the latest known release. Sourced from the 3GPP document catalog — see methodology.
| Specification | Title | Release |
|---|---|---|
| TR 21.905 vj00 | 3GPP Technical Terms and Definitions | Rel-19 |
| TR 21.978 v1300 | CAMEL Control of VoIP Services Feasibility Study | Rel-4 |
| TS 22.228 vj00 | IP Multimedia Service Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TR 22.940 vj00 | IMS Messaging Requirements Analysis | Rel-19 |
| TR 22.949 vj00 | Privacy Requirements Study for 3GPP Services | Rel-19 |
| TR 22.953 vj00 | Multimedia Priority Service Feasibility Study | Rel-19 |
| TR 22.977 vj00 | Speech Enabled Services and Multimodal Framework | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.125 v1700 | Flow Based Charging Architecture | Rel-7 |
| TS 23.141 vj00 | Presence Service Stage 2 Architecture | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.179 vd50 | MCPTT Functional Architecture | Rel-13 |
| TS 23.207 vj00 | End-to-End QoS Framework for GPRS | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.218 vj00 | IMS Call Model Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.221 vj00 | 3GPP System Architectural Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.228 vj50 | IMS Stage-2 Service Description | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.231 vj00 | SIP-I based CS core network stage 2 | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.271 vj00 | LCS Stage 2 Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.278 vj00 | CAMEL for IMS Stage 2 Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.280 vk10 | Common Architecture for Mission Critical Services | Rel-20 |
| TS 23.281 vk10 | MCVideo Functional Architecture and Flows | Rel-20 |
| TS 23.333 vj00 | MRFC-MRFP Mp Interface Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.379 vk00 | MCPTT Functional Architecture | Rel-20 |
| TS 23.392 vj20 | MMTel Application Enablement | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.417 v1700 | IMS Core Component for NGN Architecture | Rel-7 |
| TS 23.517 v1800 | IMS Core Component for NGN Architecture | Rel-8 |
| TS 23.700 vk00 | XR Services Application Enablement Layer | Rel-20 |
| TS 23.701 vc00 | WebRTC Access to IMS Architecture Study | Rel-12 |
| TS 23.802 v1700 | Enhanced End-to-End QoS Architecture | Rel-7 |
| TS 23.815 v1500 | IMS Charging Implications | Rel-5 |
| TS 23.849 vb00 | Study on IMS Roaming Media Optimization | Rel-11 |
| TR 23.976 vj00 | Push Service Requirements Analysis | Rel-19 |
| TR 23.979 vj00 | PoC over 3GPP Systems Architectural Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TR 23.981 vj00 | IPv4 IMS Interworking and Migration Study | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.103 vj00 | Telepresence Protocol for IMS | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.141 vj00 | Presence Service Protocol Details | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.147 vj00 | IMS Conferencing Protocol Details | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.166 vj00 | IMS Conferencing Management Object | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.167 vj00 | 3GPP IMS Management Object Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.173 vj00 | Multimedia Telephony Service and Supplementary Services in IMS | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.196 vj00 | Enhanced Calling Name (eCNAM) Stage 3 Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.206 v1700 | Voice Call Continuity Between CS and IMS | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.216 vj00 | Communication Continuity Management Object | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.228 v1500 | IP Multimedia Call Control Signaling Flows | Rel-5 |
| TS 24.229 vj50 | IMS call control protocol based on SIP and SDP | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.247 vj10 | IMS Messaging Service Protocol Details | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.259 vj00 | Personal Network Management (PNM) Protocol Details | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.281 vj40 | MCVideo Signalling Control Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.282 vj50 | MCData Signalling Control Protocols | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.315 vj00 | Operator Determined Barring (ODB) for IMS | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.323 vj00 | IMS Service Level Tracing Management Object | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.379 vj50 | Mission Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT) call control | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.391 vj00 | USSD over IMS Management Object Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.404 v1700 | Communication Diversion Services (CDIV) | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.405 v1700 | Conference Service Protocol Description | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.406 v810 | Message Waiting Indication (MWI) Protocol | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.407 v830 | OIP and OIR Simulation Services Protocol | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.408 v1700 | TIP/TIR Services Protocol Specification | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.410 v810 | Protocol Description of HOLD Services | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.416 v1700 | Malicious Call Identification Service | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.428 v1700 | Common Basic Communication Procedures | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.429 v1700 | Explicit Communication Transfer (ECT) Service Specification | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.447 v800 | Advice Of Charge (AOC) Service Protocol | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.454 v840 | Closed User Group (CUG) Protocol Specification | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.484 vj30 | MCS Configuration Management | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.504 v8m0 | Communication Diversion Services Stage 3 | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.505 v810 | Protocol Description of the Conference Service | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.508 v820 | TIP and TIR Service Protocol Description | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.516 v830 | MCID Protocol Specification for NGN | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.523 vj00 | NGCN-NGN Interconnection Scenarios | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.524 vj00 | Hosted Enterprise Services Architecture | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.525 vj00 | Business Trunking Architecture & Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.528 v830 | Common Basic Communication Procedures for IMS Services | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.529 v820 | Explicit Communication Transfer (ECT) Simulation Service | Rel-8 |
| TS 24.604 vj00 | Communications Diversion (CDIV) Protocol Spec | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.605 vj00 | 3GPP CONF Service Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.606 vj00 | MWI Service Protocol Description | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.607 vj10 | OIP and OIR Supplementary Services Stage 3 | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.608 vj00 | 3GPP TS 24608: TIP/TIR Services Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.610 vj00 | Communication Hold (HOLD) Service Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.615 vj00 | Communication Waiting (CW) Service Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.616 vj00 | Malicious Call Identification (MCID) Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.628 vj00 | Common Basic Communication Procedures in IMS | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.629 vj00 | Explicit Communication Transfer (ECT) Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.642 vj00 | CCBS/CCNR/CCNL SIP Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.647 vj00 | Advice of Charge (AOC) service protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.654 vj00 | Closed User Group (CUG) supplementary service | Rel-19 |
| TS 24.803 vc00 | Telepresence using IMS - Study | Rel-12 |
| TS 24.819 v1700 | IMS Services via Fixed Broadband Access | Rel-7 |
| TS 24.841 v1600 | Presence Service IP Multimedia Subsystem | Rel-6 |
| TR 24.930 vj00 | IMS Session Setup Signalling Flows | Rel-19 |
| TR 25.993 vj00 | UTRA RAB Examples and Radio Interface Mapping | Rel-19 |
| TS 26.114 vj10 | IMS Multimedia Telephony Media Handling | Rel-19 |
| TS 26.235 vc00 | Default Codecs for 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem | Rel-12 |
| TS 26.236 vc00 | Packet Switched Conversational Multimedia Protocols | Rel-12 |
| TR 26.862 vh00 | Immersive Teleconferencing & Telepresence for Remote Terminals | Rel-17 |
| TR 26.914 vj00 | Multimedia Telephony over IP Optimization | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.928 vj00 | Study on eXtended Reality (XR) in 5G | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.982 vj00 | Multiparty Real-Time Text Protocol Details | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.998 vj00 | 5G AR/MR Glasses Integration Study | Rel-19 |
| TS 27.060 vj00 | TE-MT Interworking for Packet Domain | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.162 vj00 | IMS-IP Network Interworking | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.199 v1900 | Multimedia Messaging Web Services | Rel-9 |
| TS 29.228 vj20 | Cx and Dx Interface Signaling Flows | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.229 vj10 | Diameter Protocol for Cx/Dx Interfaces | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.328 vj20 | Sh and Dh Interfaces: HSS-AS Interactions | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.332 vj00 | MGCF-IM-MGW Interface Protocol (Mn) | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.412 v1810 | Trunking Gateway Control Procedures | Rel-8 |
| TS 29.421 v810 | IMS Interworking with External IP Networks | Rel-8 |
| TS 29.424 v801 | H.248 Profile for Trunking Media Gateways | Rel-8 |
| TS 29.433 v1811 | ETSI TISPAN Endorsement of 3GPP Cx/Dx Interfaces | Rel-8 |
| TS 29.458 v850 | SIP Transfer of Tariff Info for Charging | Rel-8 |
| TS 29.514 vj40 | 5G System; Policy Authorization Service; Stage 3 | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.562 vj40 | HSS Services for IMS & GBA Interworking | Rel-19 |
| TS 29.658 vj00 | SIP Transfer of Tariff Information | Rel-19 |
| TS 31.103 vj00 | ISIM Application Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 31.829 vd00 | ISIM Conformance Requirements Technical Report | Rel-13 |
| TS 32.260 vj10 | IMS Charging Management | Rel-19 |
| TS 32.272 vj00 | Charging for Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) | Rel-19 |
| TS 32.280 vj00 | Advice of Charge (AoC) Framework | Rel-19 |
| TS 32.281 vj00 | Announcement Service for Online Charging | Rel-19 |
| TS 32.296 vj00 | Online Charging System (OCS) Architecture | Rel-19 |
| TS 32.808 v1800 | Common User Profile Storage Framework | Rel-8 |
| TS 33.106 vj00 | Lawful Interception Requirements (Pre-Rel-15) | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.107 vj00 | Lawful Interception Architecture & Functions | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.108 vj00 | LI Handover Interface Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.126 vj30 | Lawful Interception Requirements | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.127 vj50 | Lawful Interception Architecture and Functions | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.128 vj50 | 3GPP TS 33.128: Lawful Interception Protocols | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.141 vj00 | Security for Presence Service (Ut reference point) | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.203 vj10 | IMS Security Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.210 vj20 | UMTS Security for IP Networks | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.790 vj10 | Security for Next-Gen Real-Time Communication Phase 2 | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.804 vc00 | Non-UICC SSO using SIP Digest credentials | Rel-12 |
| TS 33.838 vb00 | Study on Protection against Unsolicited Communication for IMS | Rel-11 |
| TS 33.871 vc00 | Security for WebRTC IMS Client Access | Rel-12 |
| TR 33.978 v1800 | Interim Security for Early IMS | Rel-8 |
| TS 36.579 | 3GPP TR 36.579 | R99 |
| TS 37.579 vi40 | Mission Critical services conformance testing | Rel-18 |
| TS 38.291 vj20 | Ambient IoT Physical Layer Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 43.129 vj00 | PS Handover in GERAN A/Gb and GAN Modes | Rel-19 |