Description
The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) is a crucial sublayer of the radio protocol stack in 3GPP access technologies, including UMTS (UTRAN), LTE (E-UTRAN), and NR (NG-RAN). It is defined for both the User Plane (UP) and Control Plane (CP). Architecturally, PDCP entities are located in the User Equipment (UE) and in the network node (NodeB/eNodeB/gNB), one per Radio Bearer. Its primary functions are convergence, meaning it adapts higher-layer protocols (typically IP) for efficient transmission over the specific radio interface.
For the User Plane, PDCP performs Robust Header Compression (ROHC) to significantly reduce the size of IP packet headers (e.g., IPv4, IPv6, UDP, RTP), which are large relative to payload for many applications, thereby saving precious air interface bandwidth. It also provides security through ciphering (encryption) of the user data payload to ensure confidentiality. Furthermore, for LTE and NR, PDCP ensures in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection of data packets during handover procedures. It manages the PDCP Sequence Number (SN) and buffers packets to allow lossless handover when the underlying RLC layer is operating in Acknowledged Mode (AM).
For the Control Plane, specifically for RRC and NAS messages, PDCP provides integrity protection and ciphering. Integrity protection guarantees that control messages have not been tampered with during transmission. PDCP performs these security functions using keys derived by the NAS and AS security procedures. The protocol operates by receiving Service Data Units (SDUs) from the higher layers (IP or RRC), attaching a PDCP header containing the sequence number, performing the configured operations (compression, ciphering), and then passing the resulting Protocol Data Unit (PDU) to the RLC layer below. During reception, the process is reversed. Its role is fundamental to achieving efficient, secure, and reliable data delivery in modern cellular networks.
Purpose & Motivation
PDCP was introduced to address the inefficiencies and security shortcomings of transmitting Internet Protocol (IP) packets directly over the radio link in 3G UMTS. In early 3G releases, the protocol stack lacked a dedicated convergence layer, making IP packet transmission over the air resource-intensive due to large, repetitive headers. This was particularly problematic for voice-over-IP (VoIP) and interactive gaming where small payloads are dwarfed by IP/UDP/RTP headers.
The protocol solves several key problems. First, header compression (initially introduced in Rel-4) dramatically improves spectral efficiency and reduces latency for IP-based services. Second, it centralizes ciphering for user data at a layer above RLC, simplifying security architecture and enabling ciphering even when RLC is in Transparent Mode. Third, with the move to a flatter, all-IP architecture in LTE, PDCP's role expanded to include in-order delivery and duplicate removal, which are essential for maintaining data integrity during handovers between eNodeBs, especially for delay-sensitive services. Its creation was motivated by the need to optimize the radio interface for the explosive growth of IP traffic, ensure robust security, and support seamless mobility in increasingly heterogeneous network environments.
Classification
Detected Changes Across Releases
from 3GPP Change RequestsSpecific changes extracted from the „Change history“ tables of 3GPP specifications (103 CRs across 5 releases). Complements the general historical overview above with the evidence-based evolution of this function.
Studied in Rel-4, normative work from Rel-15.
In Release 15, the PDCP function introduced several key features including PDCP duplication for increased reliability, a PDCP suspend/resume procedure, and support for Robust Header Compression (ROHC) for Mission Critical and V2X services. It also added clarifications and corrections for handling split bearers, LWA bearers, and the notification of PDCP sequence number length changes. Furthermore, the release specified the delivery of stored PDCP SDUs for UM DRBs during re-establishment and defined the inclusion of RLC mode information for PDCP transfer.
- Introduction of PDCP duplication TS 38.323CR0009
- Use of ARP priority level in addition to QCI for packet handling TS 23.401CR3359
- Addition of a note that input-packets / output-packets are not reported in SGi signalling with CUPS TS 29.061CR0500
- RoHC support for Mission Critical services over MBMS TS 36.300CR1116
- Inclusion of Maximum Number of PDCP SDUs per TTI for DL Categories 22-26 TS 36.306CR1736
- Deliver stored PDCP SDUs for UM DRB at PDCP re-establishment TS 36.323CR0241
+ 39 more changes
In Release 16, the PDCP function was enhanced with new capabilities for QoS monitoring, including accumulated packet delay estimation and queuing delay measurement. The release also introduced support for Ethernet packet filters within the Traffic Flow Template (TFT) and allowed for a PDCP version change without requiring a handover. Furthermore, it included corrections and operational clarifications for scenarios such as PDCP re-establishment when using t-Reordering and for duplication in Industrial IoT (IIoT) contexts.
- Accumulated packet delay estimation for QoS monitoring and division of PDB TS 23.725CR0028
- Introducing EHC in LTE PDCP TS 36.323CR0278
- Ethernet packet filters in TFT TS 23.401CR3512
- Allowing PDCP version change without handover TS 36.306CR1754
- LTE PDCP corrections for NR IIOT TS 36.323CR0286
- Correction for PDCP status report TS 36.323CR0287
+ 21 more changes
In Release 17, the key new feature for PDCP was the introduction of support for User Plane IP in EPC-connected architectures using NR PDCP. This enhancement was accompanied by various corrections and clarifications for other PDCP-related functions, including aspects for sidelink relay, multicast/broadcast service (MBS), and Layer 2 UE-to-Network relay. The release also included specific corrections to PDCP control PDUs and procedures for uplink delay reporting and entity establishment.
- Introducing support of UP IP for EPC connected architectures using NR PDCP TS 36.300CR1353
- Introducing support of UP IP for EPC connected architectures using NR PDCP TS 36.331CR4763
- Introducing support of UP IP for EPC connected architectures using NR PDCP TS 38.323CR0085
- Introducing support of UP IP for EPC connected architectures using NR PDCP TS 38.331CR2904
- Correction on PDCP Control PDU for UDC feedback TS 36.323CR0304
- Correction of references to RRC protocol elements in S1AP TS 36.413CR1908
+ 12 more changes
In Release 18, key PDCP enhancements included the introduction of NR sidelink PDCP duplication to improve reliability for direct device-to-device communication. The release also introduced a PDCP Sequence Number gap reporting mechanism and delivered corrections for the delay critical indication from PDCP to RLC, as well as for PDCP configuration in multicast and dual-connectivity scenarios.
- Updates on 3GPP-Packet-Filter TS 29.061CR0553
- Introduction of NR sidelink PDCP duplication in TS 38.323 TS 38.323CR0126
- Protocol Stack for MTSI UE TS 26.114CR0529
- IANA registration for data channel sub-protocols TS 26.114CR0537
- PDCP SN gap reporting TS 38.323CR0139
- Correction for Delay Critical Indication from PDCP to RLC TS 38.323CR0144
+ 3 more changes
In Release 19, the primary enhancements for PDCP focused on Extended Reality (XR) services, introducing specific XR enhancements and making corrections to the related PDCP specification. The release also included corrections to the PDCP configuration for Signaling Radio Bearers SRB4 and SRB5. Furthermore, the "MOBILE" protocol was added to the standardized inventory list of protocols.
Explore further
Broader topics and technologies where PDCP plays a role.
Defining Specifications
3GPP specifications that define or reference PDCP, with the latest known release. Sourced from the 3GPP document catalog — see methodology.
| Specification | Title | Release |
|---|---|---|
| TR 21.905 vj00 | 3GPP Technical Terms and Definitions | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.060 vj00 | GPRS Service Description Stage 2 | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.401 vj50 | Evolved Packet System (EPS) Stage 2 Description | Rel-19 |
| TS 23.725 vg20 | Study on URLLC Architecture Enhancements | Rel-16 |
| TS 25.301 vj00 | UE-UTRAN Radio Interface Protocol Architecture | Rel-19 |
| TS 25.323 vj00 | Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 25.324 vj00 | Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 25.331 vj00 | UTRAN RRC Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 25.413 vj00 | Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) | Rel-19 |
| TR 25.912 vj00 | Evolved UTRA and UTRAN Technical Report | Rel-19 |
| TR 25.931 vj00 | UTRAN Signalling Procedures Examples | Rel-19 |
| TS 26.114 vj10 | IMS Multimedia Telephony Media Handling | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.926 vj00 | Traffic Models & Quality Evaluation for Media/XR in 5G | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.935 vj00 | Speech Codec Performance for Packet Switched Multimedia | Rel-19 |
| TR 26.937 vj00 | 3GPP PSS Characterization | Rel-19 |
| TS 27.060 vj00 | TE-MT Interworking for Packet Domain | Rel-19 |
| TR 28.837 vi00 | Technical Report on Trace/MDT Management | Rel-18 |
| TS 29.061 vj00 | Packet Domain Interworking for PLMN | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.401 vj10 | EPS Security Architecture | Rel-19 |
| TS 33.821 v900 | LTE/SAE Security Threat Analysis and Countermeasures | Rel-9 |
| TS 33.825 vg01 | Security for 5G URLLC Services | Rel-16 |
| TS 33.835 vg10 | Study on authentication and key management for apps | Rel-16 |
| TS 33.836 vg10 | Security Study for Advanced V2X Services | Rel-16 |
| TS 33.843 vf10 | Security Study for ProSe UE-to-Network Relay | Rel-15 |
| TR 33.938 vj10 | 3GPP Cryptographic Inventory for 5G | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.300 vj00 | E-UTRAN Radio Interface Protocol Architecture Overview | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.302 vj00 | E-UTRA Physical Layer Services | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.306 vj00 | E-UTRA UE Radio Access Capability Parameters | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.323 vj00 | PDCP Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.331 vj00 | LTE RRC Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.360 vj00 | LTE-WLAN Aggregation Adaptation Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.361 vj00 | LWIP Encapsulation Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.413 vj10 | S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.423 vj10 | X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.424 vj00 | X2 Interface User Plane Transport Protocols | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.463 vj00 | XwAP Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 36.938 v900 | E-UTRAN to 3GPP2/Mobile WiMAX Mobility | Rel-9 |
| TS 37.320 vj00 | Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) Overview | Rel-19 |
| TR 37.901 vf10 | UE Application Layer Data Throughput Performance | Rel-15 |
| TS 38.306 vj00 | NR UE Radio Access Capability Parameters | Rel-19 |
| TS 38.323 vj00 | Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) | Rel-19 |
| TS 38.331 vj00 | NR Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 38.415 vj10 | PDU Session User Plane Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 38.424 vj00 | Xn Interface User Plane Transport Protocol | Rel-19 |
| TS 43.051 vj00 | GERAN Stage 2 Service Description | Rel-19 |
| TS 44.060 vj00 | GERAN RLC/MAC Protocol Specification | Rel-19 |
| TS 44.160 vg00 | GERAN Iu Mode RLC/MAC Protocol Specification | Rel-16 |